Discretionary Leave to Remain UK 2025: Complete Legal Guide

Understanding Discretionary Leave to Remain UK 2025 Legal Requirements and Application Process

Discretionary leave to remain UK 2025 represents a form of immigration permission granted outside the standard Immigration Rules when exceptional circumstances prevent applicants from qualifying under other routes, yet compelling reasons justify their continued stay in the United Kingdom. The Home Office grants discretionary leave sparingly following careful assessment of individual circumstances including medical grounds engaging Article 3 ECHR protections, modern slavery victim status under the European Convention Against Trafficking (ECAT), and cases involving unaccompanied asylum-seeking children requiring welfare-focused consideration under Section 55 of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009.

With asylum grant rates falling to 48% at initial decision in the year ending June 2025 down from 58% the previous year and 77% in September 2022, understanding discretionary leave pathways becomes increasingly important for individuals whose circumstances fall outside standard refugee or humanitarian protection criteria yet demonstrate genuine need for UK residence. The Nationality and Borders Act 2022 introduced higher standards of proof for protection claims, resulting in dramatic grant rate decreases for certain nationalities including Afghan claims dropping from 96% to 40% within twelve months, creating circumstances where discretionary leave consideration may provide alternative legal pathways for those with compelling personal situations.

Discretionary leave applications require careful navigation of complex legal frameworks distinguishing between leave granted under the Immigration Rules, leave outside the rules for Article 8 human rights reasons, and genuine discretionary leave based on exceptional circumstances. The March 2025 Home Office guidance updates following the landmark KTT and VLT Court of Appeal judgments significantly impact modern slavery victim considerations, while the April 2025 CPH judicial review decision found existing guidance unlawful regarding discretionary indefinite leave for children, demonstrating the rapidly evolving legal landscape requiring expert assessment of individual eligibility and strategic application approaches.

What is Discretionary Leave to Remain and When is it Granted

Discretionary leave to remain UK represents a form of immigration permission granted outside the standard Immigration Rules when the Home Office determines exceptional circumstances warrant allowing an individual to stay despite not qualifying under established visa categories. First introduced in April 2003 alongside humanitarian protection to replace the former Exceptional Leave to Remain category, discretionary leave serves as a mechanism of last resort for cases demonstrating compelling compassionate grounds that would make removal from the UK inappropriate or unlawful under human rights obligations.

The Secretary of State exercises residual discretion under the Immigration Act 1971 to grant discretionary leave when circumstances do not meet requirements for asylum, humanitarian protection, or family and private life routes under Appendix FM and Appendix Private Life, yet sufficiently compelling factors justify continued UK residence. Home Office guidance published August 2025 emphasises that discretionary leave should not undermine the objectives of the Immigration Rules or create parallel systems for those failing to meet standard requirements, maintaining its exceptional nature as a genuinely discretionary concession rather than an alternative pathway for ineligible applicants seeking to circumvent normal immigration controls.

Circumstances Where Discretionary Leave May Be Considered

Crucially, discretionary leave cannot be granted where an individual qualifies for asylum, humanitarian protection, or leave under family or private life provisions of the Immigration Rules. The hierarchical approach requires caseworkers to first consider whether applicants meet requirements under existing rule-based categories before assessing discretionary leave eligibility, ensuring this exceptional concession remains appropriately limited rather than becoming a default alternative for those failing standard requirements. Applications must be made from within the UK using appropriate forms, as discretionary leave cannot be applied for from overseas locations.

Discretionary Leave Categories: Medical, Modern Slavery, and UASC Cases

Medical grounds discretionary leave engages Article 3 ECHR protections against inhuman or degrading treatment where an individual's serious health condition would result in particularly egregious outcomes if returned to their country of origin. The threshold for successful medical claims remains extremely high following established case law.

Applicants must demonstrate that return would expose them to serious, rapid, and irreversible decline in health leading to intense suffering or significantly reduced life expectancy due to unavailability of essential medical treatment. The Home Office guidance published August 2025 confirms medical claims must be assessed in line with guidance on medical claims under Articles 3 and 8 of the ECHR, with caseworkers considering medical evidence, treatment availability abroad, and individual circumstances.

Modern slavery victim discretionary leave underwent significant changes following the Court of Appeal judgment in EOG & KTT v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2022] EWCA Civ 307. The court found the Home Office approach incompatible with Article 14(1)(a) of the European Convention Against Trafficking requiring consideration of whether a victim's stay is necessary owing to their personal situation.

Confirmed trafficking victims with positive conclusive grounds decisions from the National Referral Mechanism may qualify for discretionary leave based on personal circumstances including helping police with enquiries, pursuing compensation claims, or other compelling factors necessitating UK residence. The March 2025 guidance updates confirm a temporary pause on certain modern slavery decisions pending the Court of Appeal judgment in SSHD v S & VLT [2025] EWCA Civ 188 concerning deportation proceedings, demonstrating the rapidly evolving legal landscape requiring specialist assessment.

Section 55 Duty and Children's Best Interests

Applications involving children require careful consideration under Section 55 of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009, which places statutory obligation on the Secretary of State to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in the UK when exercising immigration functions. This duty requires caseworkers to treat children's best interests as a primary consideration when making decisions affecting them, including determinations about discretionary leave duration and conditions. For unaccompanied asylum-seeking children refused protection but without adequate reception facilities in their country of origin, discretionary leave may be granted until they reach 17.5 years of age, recognising their vulnerability and care needs pending adult reassessment of their circumstances.

The April 2025 High Court judgment in R (CPH) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2025] EWHC 848 (Admin) significantly impacts discretionary leave considerations for children. The court declared the Home Office guidance on discretionary grants of indefinite leave to remain unlawful for failing to properly comply with Section 55 duty.

The court found no evidence that the child's best interests were treated as a primary consideration, with "no explanation at all" of how the decision-maker balanced those interests against fee charging policies. This landmark decision requires the Home Office to reconsider its approach to discretionary indefinite leave for qualifying children, potentially creating new pathways for those previously blocked from settlement on costs grounds. The judgment emphasises the paramount importance of properly documented best interests assessments in all decisions affecting children seeking settlement and citizenship through discretionary routes.

Modern Slavery Case Law Developments Following KTT

• KTT Judgment (2022): Court of Appeal determined Home Office approach incompatible with ECAT Article 14(1)(a), requiring consideration of whether victim's stay is necessary owing to personal situation
• SSA (Ethiopia) Guidance (2023): Upper Tribunal clarified when asylum or protection claims are "trafficking-related" for KTT discretionary leave consideration purposes
• VLT Proceedings (2025): Court of Appeal judgment in SSHD v S & VLT [2025] EWCA Civ 188 addresses deportation cases, with temporary pause on affected decisions pending policy review
• Curtailment Provisions: Leave may be curtailed where circumstances justifying grant no longer apply, including where outstanding asylum claims are finally determined
• January 2023 Changes: Introduction of Temporary Permission to Stay for trafficking victims created separate pathway from traditional discretionary leave framework

Settlement Routes: 6-Year Transitional vs 10-Year Standard Pathways

Settlement eligibility from discretionary leave depends on when the initial grant was made, with two distinct pathways applying based on the 9 July 2012 policy change date. The transitional 6-year route applies to individuals granted discretionary leave before 9 July 2012, allowing them to apply for further discretionary leave on the same basis that would have applied previously. Under this route, someone granted three years' discretionary leave before that date may apply for a further three-year period, becoming eligible for settlement after completing six years' total discretionary leave, providing a shorter pathway to indefinite leave to remain than the standard 10-year requirement.

The 10-year standard route applies to discretionary leave granted on or after 9 July 2012, requiring individuals to complete 120 months (10 years) continuous limited leave before becoming eligible for settlement. Grants are typically made for 30 months (2.5 years), requiring four successful extension applications before reaching the 10-year settlement threshold.

However, the Home Office guidance confirms that caseworkers have discretion regarding leave duration based on individual circumstances. Particularly compelling cases may receive longer initial grants including, in exceptional circumstances, immediate indefinite leave to remain where factors justify departing from the standard 30-month approach. Applications for further discretionary leave must be submitted no more than 28 days before existing leave expires using appropriate forms to maintain continuous lawful residence.

Discretionary Leave Settlement Requirements and Pathway Comparison

Importantly, most applicants on the 10-year route may achieve indefinite leave to remain earlier through the 10-year long residence category under Appendix Continuous Residence. They can combine previous lawful residence periods from other immigration categories toward the 10-year continuous residence requirement.

This alternative pathway may prove more efficient for those whose discretionary leave period, combined with earlier visa categories, reaches the 10-year threshold before completing 10 years solely on discretionary leave. Strategic assessment of an individual's complete immigration history helps identify the most efficient settlement pathway, whether through the discretionary leave policy or alternative long residence provisions.

Application Process: Fees, Forms, and Evidence Requirements

Discretionary leave applications from within the UK require submission using the FLR(HRO) form – Further Leave to Remain (Human Rights and Other Routes) – available through the official gov.uk application portal. The FLR(HRO) form covers human rights claims, leave outside the rules, and other circumstances not addressed by specific route applications such as FLR(M) for spouses or FLR(FP) for family and private life applications. As of 2025, the standard application fee is £1,033 per applicant, with each dependent included in the application incurring an additional £1,033 fee plus a £19.20 biometric information processing charge per person.

Applicants must also pay the Immigration Health Surcharge providing NHS access during their UK stay, currently £1,035 per year for most adult applicants calculated for the entire visa duration payable upfront. For a standard 30-month discretionary leave grant, the IHS payment totals £2,587.50 (30 months at £1,035 annual rate), creating substantial total application costs when combined with the base fee and biometric charges. However, fee waiver provisions exist for those demonstrating inability to afford costs due to financial hardship. Home Office guidance confirms fee waiver applications must be submitted and approved before making the main FLR(HRO) application, requiring evidence of destitution or financial hardship preventing payment of fees and the Immigration Health Surcharge.

2025 Discretionary Leave Application Costs Summary

• FLR(HRO) Application Fee: £1,033 per applicant (main applicant and each dependent)
• Biometric Enrolment Fee: £19.20 per person for fingerprint and photograph processing
• Immigration Health Surcharge: £1,035 per year adult rate; £776 per year for under-18s; calculated for full visa duration
• Total for 30-Month Grant (Single Adult): Approximately £3,639.70 (application + biometrics + IHS)
• Fee Waiver Availability: Must be applied for separately before main application if demonstrating financial hardship or destitution
• Premium Services: Same-day visa service available at UK premium service centres for extensions and settlement applications

Evidence Requirements for Discretionary Leave Applications

Successful discretionary leave applications require comprehensive documentary evidence supporting the specific grounds claimed. Medical cases demand detailed reports from treating consultants confirming diagnosis, prognosis, treatment requirements, and impact of removal on health outcomes, alongside evidence regarding treatment availability in the country of origin.

Modern slavery victims require documentation of their National Referral Mechanism conclusive grounds decision, evidence of ongoing police cooperation or compensation proceedings, and supporting statements explaining why their personal situation necessitates continued UK residence. UASC cases require evidence regarding age, absence of adequate reception facilities abroad, and welfare assessments demonstrating the child's best interests favour remaining in the UK.

All applications should include comprehensive identity documentation (passport or travel document), evidence of current and proposed residential address, and financial information demonstrating ability to support oneself without recourse to public funds (unless exempted). Detailed witness statements explaining the exceptional circumstances justifying discretionary leave consideration are essential.

Where applications follow visa refusal or relate to ongoing removal proceedings, applicants should address previous adverse findings while presenting new evidence or changed circumstances warranting fresh consideration. Given the discretionary nature of this leave category, applications benefit from thorough legal assessment identifying the strongest grounds and most compelling evidence presentation strategies.

Recent Case Law Developments Affecting Discretionary Leave 2025

The 2025 legal landscape for discretionary leave has been significantly shaped by several landmark judgments affecting both substantive eligibility criteria and procedural requirements for Home Office decision-making. The R (CPH) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2025] EWHC 848 (Admin) judgment delivered April 2025 declared Home Office guidance on discretionary indefinite leave for children unlawful.

The court found the Secretary of State failed to properly comply with Section 55 duty requiring children's best interests to be treated as a primary consideration. The refusal decision was quashed requiring fresh consideration with proper best interests assessment, while noting that a lawful discretionary indefinite leave policy for children remains unclear following the judgment.

Modern slavery discretionary leave continues evolving following the March 2025 Court of Appeal judgment in SSHD v S & VLT [2025] EWCA Civ 188, with the Home Office maintaining a temporary pause on certain Temporary Permission to Stay decisions for cases requiring KTT discretionary leave consideration. The pause particularly affects cases involving deportation proceedings.

Immigration practitioners note these developments alongside the November 2025 announcement of government consultation on proposed ILR reforms potentially extending qualifying periods from five to ten years for many routes. This creates broader uncertainty about future settlement pathways affecting those currently building residence through discretionary leave toward eventual permanent status. Individuals facing immigration appeals or considering judicial review proceedings should seek specialist advice regarding how these evolving developments affect their specific circumstances.

Immigration White Paper 2025 and Future Settlement Changes

The May 2025 immigration white paper "Restoring control over the immigration system" proposed significant changes potentially affecting discretionary leave settlement pathways. These include extension of qualifying periods for indefinite leave to remain from five to ten years on many routes and potential changes to welfare system access for those granted settlement.

The November 2025 Home Office consultation running until February 2026 seeks views on shifting from "automatic" to "earned" settlement systems, with proposals suggesting those granted ILR may retain "no recourse to public funds" restrictions. While these proposals do not directly change current discretionary leave provisions, they signal broader policy direction that may influence future discretionary leave policy development and individual pathway planning.